The Universe
Physicists Suggest All Matter Could Be Made Up of Energy ‘Fragments’
Matter is what makes up the Universe, but what makes up matter?
Matter is what makes up the Universe, but what makes up matter? This question has long been tricky for those who think about it – especially for the physicists.
Reflecting recent trends in physics, my colleague Jeffrey Eischen and I have described an updated way to think about matter. We propose that matter is not made of particles or waves, as was long thought, but – more fundamentally – that matter is made of fragments of energy.
From Five to One
The ancient Greeks conceived of five building blocks of matter – from bottom to top: earth, water, air, fire and aether. Aether was the matter that filled the heavens and explained the rotation of the stars, as observed from the Earth vantage point.
These were the first most basic elements from which one could build up a world. Their conceptions of the physical elements did not change dramatically for nearly 2,000 years.
Then, about 300 years ago, Sir Isaac Newton introduced the idea that all matter exists at points called particles. One hundred fifty years after that, James Clerk Maxwell introduced the electromagnetic wave – the underlying and often invisible form of magnetism, electricity and light.
The particle served as the building block for mechanics and the wave for electromagnetism – and the public settled on the particle and the wave as the two building blocks of matter. Together, the particles and waves became the building blocks of all kinds of matter.
This was a vast improvement over the ancient Greeks’ five elements but was still flawed. In a famous series of experiments, known as the double-slit experiments, light sometimes acts like a particle and at other times acts like a wave. And while the theories and math of waves and particles allow scientists to make incredibly accurate predictions about the Universe, the rules break down at the largest and tiniest scales.
Einstein proposed a remedy in his theory of general relativity. Using the mathematical tools available to him at the time, Einstein was able to better explain certain physical phenomena and also resolve a longstanding paradox relating to inertia and gravity.
But instead of improving on particles or waves, he eliminated them as he proposed the warping of space and time.
Using newer mathematical tools, my colleague and I have demonstrated a new theory that may accurately describe the Universe. Instead of basing the theory on the warping of space and time, we considered that there could be a building block that is more fundamental than the particle and the wave.
Scientists understand that particles and waves are existential opposites: A particle is a source of matter that exists at a single point, and waves exist everywhere except at the points that create them.
My colleague and I thought it made logical sense for there to be an underlying connection between them.
Flow and Fragments of Energy
Our theory begins with a new fundamental idea – that energy always “flows” through regions of space and time.
Think of energy as made up of lines that fill up a region of space and time, flowing into and out of that region, never beginning, never ending and never crossing one another.
Working from the idea of a universe of flowing energy lines, we looked for a single building block for the flowing energy. If we could find and define such a thing, we hoped we could use it to accurately make predictions about the Universe at the largest and tiniest scales.
There were many building blocks to choose from mathematically, but we sought one that had the features of both the particle and wave – concentrated like the particle but also spread out over space and time like the wave.
The answer was a building block that looks like a concentration of energy – kind of like a star – having energy that is highest at the center, and that gets smaller farther away from the center.
Much to our surprise, we discovered that there were only a limited number of ways to describe a concentration of energy that flows. Of those, we found just one that works in accordance with our mathematical definition of flow.
We named it a fragment of energy. For the math and physics aficionados, it is defined as A = -⍺/r where ⍺ is intensity and r is the distance function.
Using the fragment of energy as a building block of matter, we then constructed the math necessary to solve physics problems. The final step was to test it out.
Back to Einstein, Adding Universality
More than 100 ago, Einstein had turned to two legendary problems in physics to validate general relativity: the ever-so-slight yearly shift – or precession – in Mercury’s orbit, and the tiny bending of light as it passes the Sun.
These problems were at the two extremes of the size spectrum. Neither wave nor particle theories of matter could solve them, but general relativity did.
The theory of general relativity warped space and time in such way as to cause the trajectory of Mercury to shift and light to bend in precisely the amounts seen in astronomical observations.
If our new theory was to have a chance at replacing the particle and the wave with the presumably more fundamental fragment, we would have to be able to solve these problems with our theory, too.
For the precession-of-Mercury problem, we modeled the Sun as an enormous stationary fragment of energy and Mercury as a smaller but still enormous slow-moving fragment of energy. For the bending-of-light problem, the Sun was modeled the same way, but the photon was modeled as a minuscule fragment of energy moving at the speed of light.
In both problems, we calculated the trajectories of the moving fragments and got the same answers as those predicted by the theory of general relativity. We were stunned.
Our initial work demonstrated how a new building block is capable of accurately modeling bodies from the enormous to the minuscule. Where particles and waves break down, the fragment of energy building block held strong.
The fragment could be a single potentially universal building block from which to model reality mathematically – and update the way people think about the building blocks of the Universe.
Republished from TheConversation.com under Creative Commons
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Awareness
One Zodiac Sign Is More Emotionally Intelligent Than The Rest
Emotional intelligence (EQ) is hailed as a key to self-awareness and meaningful relationships, often overshadowing IQ in importance. Defined by Psychology Today as the capacity to “identify and manage one’s own emotions, as well as the emotions of others,” it encompasses skills like empathy, self-regulation, and awareness of emotional dynamics. While EQ is typically nurtured through experience and introspection, some believe that your zodiac sign might influence how these abilities manifest.
Astrology enthusiasts argue that celestial alignments at birth could shape emotional tendencies, affecting how individuals connect with and understand emotions. For instance, water signs like Cancer, Scorpio, and Pisces are often described as naturally empathetic, while fire signs are known for their passion and intensity. But is there any merit to the idea that the stars could predispose someone to excel in emotional intelligence? Exploring this possibility sheds light on the intersection of personality, astrology, and psychological traits.
Water Signs and Emotional Intelligence: Why Pisces Stands Out
If emotional intelligence had a zodiac league, water signs—Cancer, Scorpio, and Pisces—would dominate the podium. These signs don’t just understand emotions—they practically live in them. Each brings its own flavor to the mix. Cancer, for example, is like that one friend who always knows when you’re down and shows up with comfort food. Then there’s Scorpio, who seems to have an emotional radar that picks up truths no one else can see.
But Pisces? That’s a whole different level. Imagine someone who can sense your mood before you’ve said a word and offer the perfect response—not because they’re trying, but because it’s second nature. As the zodiac’s final sign, Pisces seems to have absorbed the lessons of all the others, giving them an almost uncanny knack for emotional wisdom. They don’t just listen; they feel. It’s like they’ve cracked the code on what it means to truly connect with others.
Of course, emotional intelligence isn’t exclusive to Pisces—you don’t need to be born under this sign to master your emotions. But let’s face it: Pisces seems to start with a head start, almost as if the universe whispered a cheat code to them at birth.
The Depths of Pisces Empathy: A Natural Emotional Compass
Pisces, symbolized by the cosmic fish, seem to swim effortlessly through the vast ocean of emotions. Their connection to water—a universal symbol of feelings and intuition—reflects their remarkable ability to sense emotional undercurrents that others might overlook. Ever notice how some people just seem to “get it” without you having to explain? That’s Pisces in a nutshell.
What makes their empathy so unique is the way they instinctively tune in to the emotional energy around them. A slight change in tone, a look, or even just the vibe in the room is enough for Pisces to pick up on what’s going on beneath the surface. And it’s not just about noticing—Pisces genuinely care. They don’t just hear your struggles; they feel them, offering comfort and support that feels deeply authentic.
But it’s not just about how they connect with others. Pisces also have a profound relationship with their own emotions, diving into their inner worlds with the same intensity they bring to understanding others. This duality—the ability to explore both their own feelings and those of others—makes their empathy feel almost like a superpower. If empathy is the heart of emotional intelligence, then Pisces are leading with a rhythm that few can match.
Pisces and Emotional Wisdom: A Jupiter-Guided Gift
Pisces aren’t just emotionally attuned; they bring a level of emotional wisdom that feels almost otherworldly. Their water-sign sensitivity is beautifully enhanced by the influence of Jupiter, the planet of expansion and higher learning. It’s this unique combination that allows Pisces to navigate emotions—not just their own but others’—with a rare mix of depth and insight.
Think of Jupiter as the wise guide behind Pisces’ compassionate heart. Its energy encourages them to see the bigger picture, even in the most tangled emotional situations. This isn’t the kind of wisdom that preaches or judges—it’s the quiet understanding that life can be messy, emotions are complex, and sometimes, the best thing you can do is simply be present. Pisces excel at this, showing up for others with both empathy and grace.
What really sets Pisces apart is their ability to embrace what they can’t control. Instead of fighting emotional currents, they flow with them, often helping others find calm in the chaos. This blend of sensitivity and mature acceptance turns their emotional intelligence into something almost magnetic. People gravitate to Pisces for their warmth, their wisdom, and their uncanny ability to make even the toughest feelings seem a little lighter.
Pisces and Relationships: Masters of Emotional Harmony
When it comes to relationships, Pisces seem to have an almost magical ability to create emotional harmony. Their emotional intelligence isn’t just about sensing feelings; it’s about using that awareness to nurture deep, meaningful connections. In partnership, Pisces bring a rare mix of thoughtfulness and attentiveness that makes others feel truly seen and understood.
Interestingly, Virgo’s influence over Pisces’ partnership zone adds a unique layer to their relational skills. It gives Pisces a detail-oriented edge, allowing them to notice the small things that often go overlooked—like a subtle change in mood or an unspoken need. This attentiveness makes their care feel intentional, as if they’re always one step ahead in anticipating how to make someone feel valued.
But what truly sets Pisces apart is their openness. They don’t shy away from emotional conversations; instead, they create a safe space where vulnerability feels natural. Their genuine interest in understanding others, paired with their ability to communicate compassionately, makes Pisces exceptional partners—whether in romance, friendship, or family ties. With Pisces, relationships aren’t just connections; they’re sanctuaries of trust and understanding.
Boosting Emotional Intelligence: Tips for Every Zodiac Sign
Emotional intelligence isn’t limited to Pisces—it’s a skill that everyone, regardless of their zodiac sign, can develop and refine. With a little effort and self-awareness, anyone can enhance their emotional toolkit and deepen their connections with others. Here are some practical ways to boost your EQ, no matter where your sun sign lies.
- Practice active listening: Slow down and really hear what others are saying. Don’t just wait for your turn to talk—focus on understanding their perspective. This builds trust and shows genuine care.
- Enhance self-awareness: Spend time reflecting on your own emotions. Journaling or meditating can help you identify patterns in your feelings and reactions, giving you better control over how you respond.
- Strengthen empathy: Put yourself in someone else’s shoes. Imagine how they might feel and why—it’s a powerful way to connect on a deeper level.
- Communicate thoughtfully: Choose your words with care. Be clear and kind in expressing your emotions, and avoid jumping to conclusions during heated moments.
- Seek constructive feedback: Ask those you trust how you can improve your emotional interactions. Honest feedback is a valuable tool for growth.
Whether you’re an adventurous Aries learning patience or a sensitive Pisces refining your boundaries, these strategies can help you unlock your emotional intelligence potential. After all, it’s not about where you start—it’s about where you’re willing to grow.
Emotional Intelligence: What Your Zodiac Can Teach You
Emotional intelligence is a skill that transcends zodiac signs, offering everyone the chance to connect more deeply with themselves and others. While signs like Pisces may naturally excel in the emotional realm, the journey to a higher EQ is open to all. By embracing the unique traits of your sign and cultivating self-awareness, empathy, and adaptability, you can foster stronger relationships and personal growth.
Astrology provides a fascinating lens to explore our emotional tendencies, but it’s ultimately our willingness to grow and learn that shapes our emotional intelligence. Whether you’re a fiery Aries, a grounded Taurus, or a sensitive Cancer, the path to emotional harmony is yours to walk. Lean into the strengths of your sign, embrace opportunities for growth, and create meaningful connections that resonate far beyond the stars.
Typos, corrections and/or news tips? Email us at Contact@TheMindUnleashed.com
Science & Tech
There’s a Gigantic Mystery Hidden Inside Every Single Atom in the Universe
(TMU) — Science has come a long way in the past few years. I still remember when the “Particle of God”, Higgs boson, was just a dream that needed to be confirmed after physicist Peter Higgs theorized its existence. In December 2013, after a lot of work done on the LHC built by CERN, Higgs’ theory was confirmed and he was warded with with the Nobel prize.
We have also learned more about subatomic particles recently, such as the two main types that exist: elementary and composite. Thirty-six fundamental particles, including antiparticles (same mass than the original but opposite physical charge; e.g electron-antielectron), exist. Twelve of these are force-carrying particles, and the other 24 are called “matter particles” and only interact with each other indirectly via the force carriers.
But it is still a mystery for scientists what really happens inside an atom. A healthy competition is being held regarding this: two groups of scientists presume they have the key to solving the mystery and both teams are working to prove their own vision is correct.
An atom is the smallest unit of ordinary matter that constitutes a chemical element, and every state of matter is composed of atoms. Electrons whiz around orbitals in an atom’s outer shell. There is a lot of empty space as well as a tiny nucleus, which provides most of the atom’s mass.
We have four fundamental forces working in the universe:
- Gravity
- Weak force
- Electromagnetism
- Strong force
The strong force is the one bonding together the protons and neutrons inside the atom.
No one knows yet how these protons and neutrons behave inside an atom. Outside an atom, the nucleons (protons and neutrons together) have defined sizes and shapes. Each of them is made up of three smaller particles called quarks. The interactions between these quarks are so intense that no external force should be able to deform them. Scientists have known for many years that the theory now accepted of the atom is not quite correct because inside a nucleus, protons, and neutrons appear much larger than they should be.
Nucleons moving in little orbitals within the nucleus have very little energy, they are restrained by the strong force. In 1983, physicists from CERN noticed something strange: Beams of electrons bounced off iron in a way that was really different from how they bounced off free protons. Gerald Miller, a nuclear physicist at the University of Washington, told Live Science that that was unexpected because if the protons inside hydrogen were the same size as the protons inside iron, the electrons should have bounced off in much the same way.
Scientists came to believe it was a size issue. Researchers created a name for this phenomenon, the EMC effect, after the European Muon Collaboration.
Or Hen, a nuclear physicist at MIT, said that while quarks strongly interact within a given proton or neutron, quarks in different protons and neutrons can’t interact much with each other. The strong force inside a nucleon is so strong it eclipses the strong force holding nucleons to other nucleons.
“Imagine sitting in your room talking to two of your friends with the windows closed,” Hen said. The trio are three quarks inside a neutron or proton. “A light breeze is blowing outside,” he said.
That light breeze is the force holding the proton or neutron to nearby nucleons “outside” the window. Hen also said that experiments have shown that at any given time, about 20% of the nucleons in a nucleus are in fact outside their orbitals and instead they’re paired off with other nucleons. Due to these circumstances, the interactions between the nucleons are much higher-energy than usual. These interactions break down the walls separating quarks inside individual protons or neutrons.
The quarks making up one proton and the other quarks involved with the other proton start to occupy the same space, this causes the protons to stretch and blur, Hen said. After this, they grow a lot, but for very shorts periods of time. This produces the EMC effect previously mentioned.
Most physicists now accept this interpretation of the EMC effect but not everyone thinks this is how you would solve this problem. Ian Cloët, a nuclear physicist at Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois, said he thinks Hen’s work draws conclusions that the data doesn’t fully support.
“I think the EMC effect is still unresolved,” Cloët told Live Science. “If you use that model to try and look at the EMC effect, you will not describe the EMC effect. There is no successful explanation of the EMC effect using that framework. So in my opinion, there’s still a mystery.”
“What is clear is that the traditional model of nuclear physics … cannot explain this EMC effect,” he said.
QCD stands for quantum chromodynamics, the system of rules that govern the behavior of quarks. “We now think that the explanation must be coming from QCD itself,” Cloët also said. Nuclear physics would be ancient “technology” compared to quantum chromodynamics, but it also needs a lot more work to build.
The problem is that the complete QCD equations describing all the quarks in a nucleus are too difficult to solve, Cloët and Hen both said.
Modern supercomputers are about 100 years away from being fast enough for the task, Cloët estimated. And even if supercomputers were fast enough today, the equations haven’t advanced to the point where you could plug them into a computer, he said. )You can read more about the latest breakthroughs in quantum technology here.)
That suggests we need a different model, Cloët also said.
“The picture that I have is, we know that inside a nucleus are these very strong nuclear forces,” Cloët said. These are “a bit like electromagnetic fields, except they’re strong force fields.”
Clöet calls these force fields “mean fields” which actually deform the internal structure of protons, neutrons, and pions.
“Just like if you take an atom and you put it inside a strong magnetic field, you will change the internal structure of that atom,” Cloët said.
Scientists who support the mean-field theory think the sealed-up room Hen described has holes in its walls, with wind is blowing through that causes the quarks to stretch out.
In the end, researchers emphasized that the debate is friendly.
“It’s great, because it means we’re still making progress,” Miller said. “Eventually, something’s going to be in the textbook and the ball game is over. … The fact that there are two competing ideas means that it’s exciting and vibrant. And now finally we have the experimental tools to resolve these issues.”
By Manuel García Aguilar | Creative Commons | TheMindUnleashed.com
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