The agricultural world is witnessing a remarkable transformation, driven by groundbreaking technology. Among the most fascinating innovations is a farming robot equipped with lasers that can destroy hundreds of thousands of weeds in mere hours. This high-tech solution is not just a marvel of engineering but a timely response to persistent challenges in farming, from labor shortages to the environmental impact of chemical herbicides.

By combining artificial intelligence with precision laser technology, companies like Carbon Robotics are reshaping the way farmers tackle one of agriculture’s most labor-intensive tasks. These futuristic machines offer a glimpse into the potential of sustainable farming, where innovation meets efficiency, paving the way for a healthier and more productive future for agriculture.

The Weed Problem in Agriculture

Weeds have been a persistent challenge for farmers, creating a constant battle for resources in the field. These invasive plants not only compete with crops for vital sunlight, nutrients, and water but also provide a safe haven for pests that can wreak havoc on harvests. The presence of weeds significantly reduces crop yields and quality, making effective weed management essential for agricultural success. For centuries, farmers have relied on labor-intensive methods and chemical herbicides to combat this problem, but these approaches are not without their flaws.

The use of chemical herbicides, while convenient and effective in the short term, poses serious environmental concerns. These chemicals can seep into water supplies, harming aquatic ecosystems and affecting soil health. Over time, their overuse may lead to the development of herbicide-resistant weeds, further complicating the issue. Meanwhile, manual weeding, though free of chemical drawbacks, is both backbreaking and time-consuming. The agriculture industry’s labor shortages have made this method increasingly impractical, leaving farmers with few viable options.

The urgency for a sustainable, efficient solution to weed control cannot be overstated. Modern farming demands innovation that not only solves immediate issues but also protects the environment for future generations. This is where technological advancements, such as farming robots equipped with cutting-edge weed management systems, come into play. By addressing the limitations of traditional methods, these innovations offer a promising alternative to tackle one of agriculture’s oldest dilemmas.

The Rise of Farming Robots

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In the face of persistent agricultural challenges, technology has emerged as a transformative force, with farming robots leading the way. Carbon Robotics’ Autonomous Weeder is a standout example of how innovation can revolutionize agriculture. This remarkable machine is designed to address the dual problems of labor shortages and environmental damage caused by conventional weed management practices. By combining artificial intelligence with advanced laser technology, the Autonomous Weeder delivers an unprecedented level of precision and efficiency.

The robot operates with minimal human intervention, scanning rows of crops using 12 high-resolution cameras that detect weeds in real time. Its onboard AI system processes this information, distinguishing weeds from crops with incredible accuracy. Once a weed is identified, carbon dioxide lasers target and destroy it instantly, leaving the surrounding soil undisturbed. This approach eliminates the need for chemical herbicides, reducing environmental harm while preserving soil health. It also alleviates the physical burden of manual weeding, offering farmers a more efficient alternative.

Beyond its functional benefits, the introduction of robots like the Autonomous Weeder marks a significant shift in the agricultural sector. These machines demonstrate the potential of integrating AI into farming practices, enabling farmers to achieve more with fewer resources. As the capabilities of such robots continue to expand, they are not only solving immediate issues but also setting the stage for a future defined by sustainable and technologically advanced agriculture.

The Evolution of LaserWeeder

Building on the success of the Autonomous Weeder, Carbon Robotics has introduced a new, more powerful iteration of its technology: the LaserWeeder. This latest innovation reflects the company’s commitment to continually improving its products to meet farmers’ needs. Unlike its predecessor, the LaserWeeder is not autonomous; it is designed as a pull-behind implement that attaches to a tractor. While this adjustment requires a driver, it allows for greater flexibility and compatibility with various farming operations.

The LaserWeeder is equipped with three times the lasers of the original model, enabling it to kill up to 200,000 weeds per hour. This incredible efficiency makes it one of the most effective weed management tools available. In just one hour, the LaserWeeder can cover two acres of farmland, a feat that would take human laborers days to achieve. Its precision targeting ensures that only weeds are eliminated, leaving crops unharmed and the soil intact. This targeted approach not only boosts productivity but also supports healthier, more sustainable farming practices.

By adapting its design while retaining the core laserweeding technology, Carbon Robotics has ensured that the LaserWeeder meets the practical needs of modern farmers. The machine’s performance and ease of use make it an invaluable addition to farm operations, especially for larger-scale growers. As this technology becomes more widely adopted, it is poised to redefine weed management and set new standards for agricultural efficiency.

Real-World Impact on Farmers

For many farmers, the introduction of the LaserWeeder has been nothing short of transformative. This technology addresses one of the most labor-intensive tasks on the farm, dramatically reducing the time and effort required to manage weeds. By automating this critical process, the LaserWeeder not only frees up labor for other essential tasks but also provides a level of consistency that is difficult to achieve manually. Farmers who have incorporated the machine into their operations report noticeable improvements in both productivity and crop health.

The environmental benefits of the LaserWeeder are equally significant. By eliminating the need for herbicides, it helps maintain healthier soil and reduces the risk of water contamination. This shift toward chemical-free farming practices aligns with the growing demand for sustainable agriculture, offering farmers an opportunity to meet consumer expectations while improving their bottom line. Additionally, the LaserWeeder’s precision ensures that crops are not damaged during the weeding process, further enhancing yield quality and quantity.

Economically, the LaserWeeder is a sound investment. While the initial cost may seem substantial, its ability to cut weeding expenses by up to 80% means that the machine pays for itself within two to three years. This rapid return on investment, combined with its labor-saving capabilities, makes it a practical choice for farms of all sizes. As more farmers experience its benefits firsthand, the LaserWeeder is solidifying its place as a vital tool for modern agriculture.

The Future of Sustainable Farming

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The LaserWeeder is just one example of how technology is reshaping the agricultural landscape. Its success signals a broader shift toward more sustainable and efficient farming practices. By reducing reliance on chemical herbicides and manual labor, machines like the LaserWeeder are not only addressing immediate challenges but also paving the way for long-term solutions. The environmental benefits of laser technology, such as reduced soil contamination and healthier ecosystems, cannot be overstated.

As innovation continues, the potential applications of laser-equipped robots in agriculture are vast. Future iterations could handle a variety of tasks, from planting and fertilizing to harvesting, creating an integrated system that maximizes efficiency and minimizes waste. These advancements could also help address global food security challenges by enabling farmers to produce more with fewer resources. The combination of AI, robotics, and precision technology holds the promise of revolutionizing the industry, making it more resilient in the face of climate change and population growth.

Ultimately, the integration of laser technology into farming represents a hopeful vision for the future. By embracing these advancements, farmers can tackle long-standing challenges while contributing to a more sustainable and productive agricultural system. As tools like the LaserWeeder gain traction, they are not just changing how farms operate—they are redefining what is possible in agriculture.

Transforming the Role of Farmers

The rise of laser-equipped robots is not just changing how weeds are managed—it’s transforming the very role of farmers. Traditionally, farmers have had to spend countless hours manually overseeing labor-intensive tasks like weeding, often diverting their attention from other crucial aspects of their operations. With the LaserWeeder and similar technologies, much of this burden is lifted, allowing farmers to focus on higher-level planning and crop optimization.

These machines are empowering farmers to adopt precision agriculture, a method that uses data and technology to make farming more efficient and sustainable. By automating repetitive tasks, robots enable farmers to analyze crop health, soil quality, and weather patterns in real time, helping them make informed decisions that maximize yield and conserve resources. The time saved by automating weeding can now be invested in improving the overall health of the farm, ensuring long-term success.

Moreover, the integration of advanced tools like the LaserWeeder is making farming more appealing to younger generations. With agriculture becoming more tech-driven, it opens doors for a new wave of tech-savvy individuals who are eager to bring innovation to the industry. This blend of tradition and technology is redefining what it means to be a farmer, ensuring that agriculture remains a vital and dynamic field in the modern world.

A Farming Revolution with Lasers

The introduction of laser-equipped farming robots like the LaserWeeder is reshaping agriculture in ways once thought impossible. By combining advanced technology with practical farming needs, these machines address age-old challenges with a level of precision and efficiency that is hard to match. They eliminate weeds without harming the environment, reduce dependency on manual labor, and make farms more sustainable and productive.

More than just tools, these robots symbolize a shift toward innovation-driven agriculture. They allow farmers to embrace environmentally conscious practices without sacrificing productivity. With benefits ranging from healthier soil to significant cost savings, the LaserWeeder represents a win for both farmers and the planet. Its rapid adoption by farmers across the industry underscores its value as a game-changing solution.

As this technology evolves, it has the potential to go beyond weeding, shaping the future of farming for generations to come. From addressing global food demands to fostering a greener planet, laser-equipped robots are setting a new standard in agriculture. This is just the beginning of a farming revolution, where cutting-edge technology meets the age-old art of cultivation.

In a small town in Australia, a father and son came up with an idea that’s helping save bees across the world. Stuart and Cedar Anderson weren’t just looking for a better way to harvest honey—they wanted to make beekeeping easier and more bee-friendly. What they created, the Flow Hive, is more than just a clever invention. It’s sparked a global movement, making it possible for people everywhere to help bees thrive.

Their work has made a big difference—boosting global honeybee populations by 10% and leading to 50,000 new beehive colonies in over 130 countries. At a time when bees are struggling from habitat loss, climate change, and pesticides, this is a game-changer. So, how did they do it? Let’s take a closer look at their journey and the impact of their groundbreaking invention.

The Birth of the Flow Hive

Stuart and Cedar Anderson’s journey started with a simple yet frustrating problem: traditional beekeeping was hard—on the bees and the beekeepers. As a third-generation beekeeper, Cedar loved working with bees, but he couldn’t ignore the challenges. Watching his brother endure painful stings during honey extractions sparked an idea. What if there was a way to harvest honey without disturbing the bees?

That question turned into a ten-year mission. Together, the father-and-son duo experimented tirelessly, trying to design a hive that would make honey harvesting easier and safer. Their solution? The Flow Hive—a system that lets honey flow straight from the hive into a jar, without opening the hive or stressing the bees.

But bringing the Flow Hive to life wasn’t just about tinkering in their workshop. In 2015, they launched a crowdfunding campaign on Indiegogo with the goal of raising $70,000 to begin production. They hit their target in just five minutes. By the end of the campaign, they’d raised an astonishing $12.2 million, making it the most successful campaign on the platform at the time. This overwhelming support showed that people everywhere were eager to make beekeeping easier, more accessible, and more bee-friendly.

What is the Flow Hive?

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The Flow Hive is an innovative beekeeping system that simplifies honey harvesting by allowing honey to flow directly from the hive into a jar, minimizing disturbance to the bees. Traditional beekeeping methods often involve labor-intensive processes, including opening the hive, removing frames, and using extractors, which can be disruptive to the colony. In contrast, the Flow Hive utilizes specially designed frames with partially formed honeycomb cells made from food-grade plastic. Bees complete these cells with their own wax, fill them with honey, and cap them as they would in a natural hive. When the frames are full, a lever is inserted and turned, causing the cells to split vertically inside each cell, creating channels for the honey to flow down into a sealed trough and out of the hive directly into a collection vessel. This process allows beekeepers to harvest honey without opening the hive or disturbing the bees, making it a more efficient and bee-friendly method of honey extraction.

Cedar Anderson, co-inventor of the Flow Hive, explained, “We wanted to make it easier for people to harvest honey without the need for expensive equipment or the risk of harming the bees.” This design not only streamlines the harvesting process but also promotes a more sustainable approach to beekeeping by reducing stress on bee colonies.

The Flow Hive has garnered attention for its user-friendly design and potential to attract new beekeepers. However, it has also sparked discussions within the beekeeping community regarding its impact on traditional practices and bee health. Some experts emphasize the importance of regular hive inspections and caution that the ease of honey extraction should not lead to neglect of essential beekeeping responsibilities.

A Crowdfunding Success Story

In February 2015, Stuart and Cedar Anderson introduced the Flow Hive to the world through a crowdfunding campaign on Indiegogo, aiming to raise $70,000 to commence production. Remarkably, they achieved this target within just five minutes of launching the campaign. Within 15 minutes, contributions had surged to approximately $250,000. By the campaign’s conclusion, they had amassed an astounding $12.2 million, making it the most successful Indiegogo campaign at that time.

The overwhelming response to the Flow Hive campaign highlighted a significant public interest in innovative, bee-friendly beekeeping solutions. The Andersons’ invention resonated with both seasoned beekeepers and novices eager to engage in sustainable practices. This unprecedented support enabled them to assist thousands of individuals in becoming beekeepers for the first time, thereby contributing to the global effort to support bee populations.

Reflecting on the campaign’s success, Cedar Anderson noted, “That’s when we knew that the world wanted our invention.” The Flow Hive’s crowdfunding triumph not only provided the necessary funds for production but also fostered a global community of beekeepers dedicated to innovative and sustainable beekeeping practices.

50,000 New Colonies: A Global Impact

What started as a small family project has grown into something extraordinary. The Flow Hive has helped create over 50,000 new beehive colonies in more than 130 countries, giving honeybee populations a much-needed boost. In fact, it’s estimated that global honeybee numbers have increased by 10% thanks to this invention. That’s a huge deal for a species that’s been struggling to survive.

The real magic of the Flow Hive is how it’s made beekeeping so much easier and less intimidating. People who never imagined keeping bees are now doing it—on rooftops, in backyards, and even in city neighborhoods. This has brought in a whole new wave of beekeepers, all doing their part to support bees and protect our environment.

It’s more than just about honey. Every new hive means more pollination, healthier ecosystems, and a step toward solving the challenges bees face. The Flow Hive has turned everyday people into champions for pollinators, showing that even small actions can have a big impact.

Supporting Bee Populations and the Environment

Stuart and Cedar Anderson didn’t just create the Flow Hive and call it a day. They’ve made it their mission to help bees in as many ways as possible. Through their company, BeeInventive, they’ve been supporting conservation projects aimed at creating safe spaces for pollinators to thrive. For example, all profits from their Flow Pollinator House go directly to grassroots initiatives in Australia and the U.S. that protect wild habitats and make the world a little friendlier for bees.

But their efforts go beyond donations. The Andersons are big on education, making sure that new beekeepers understand the responsibility that comes with keeping bees. They remind people that while the Flow Hive makes honey harvesting easy, it’s still crucial to care for the bees—like checking hives for pests or disease and ensuring there are enough flowers nearby for bees to forage.

It’s clear they’re not just about selling hives; they’re about building a better future for bees. By combining innovation, education, and conservation, the Andersons are showing how we can all work together to make a difference.

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The Future of Backyard Beekeeping

The Flow Hive has done more than make beekeeping simpler—it’s helping people reconnect with nature. For many families, setting up a hive has become a way to learn about the fascinating world of bees. Parents share stories of their kids ditching screens to watch bees buzzing around their hive, asking questions about pollination, and discovering just how important these tiny creatures are to our planet. It’s a small change that creates lasting awareness about our environment.

But the impact goes far beyond individual backyards. Each new hive means more pollination for crops, healthier plants, and a step toward restoring struggling bee populations. The Flow Hive has also started important conversations about sustainability, encouraging more people to plant wildflowers, avoid harmful pesticides, and take simple steps to support pollinators in their local areas.

The beauty of the Flow Hive is that it’s not just a tool—it’s a movement. It’s proof that small, thoughtful actions can spark big change. By making beekeeping more accessible, Stuart and Cedar Anderson have opened the door for people everywhere to make a difference, one hive at a time.

Small Hives, Big Impact

What started as a simple idea in a quiet corner of Australia has turned into something extraordinary. Stuart and Cedar Anderson’s Flow Hive has not only made beekeeping easier but has also played a key role in boosting global honeybee populations by 10% and creating 50,000 new beehive colonies across the world. These numbers aren’t just impressive—they’re a beacon of hope for pollinators facing tough challenges.

But the Andersons’ impact goes beyond the numbers. Their invention has brought people closer to nature, inspired families to care for bees, and sparked a global conversation about sustainability and conservation. They’ve shown that when innovation meets passion, even small changes can have a ripple effect that touches the entire planet.

If you’re inspired by what they’ve accomplished, there are so many ways you can get involved. Whether it’s setting up your own hive, planting bee-friendly flowers, or supporting local conservation efforts, every action counts. Stuart and Cedar’s story is proof that together, we can all make a difference—one hive, one bee, and one step at a time.

Climate change is an urgent, global challenge impacting every aspect of life, from rising sea levels to the increasing severity of natural disasters. With temperatures climbing worldwide, we’re also seeing droughts, wildfires, and crop failures becoming more common. These changes aren’t just predictions—they’re realities we’re facing right now.

Yet, amid these challenges, science and technology offer a glimmer of hope. Researchers and innovators worldwide are developing groundbreaking solutions that could curb, or even reverse, some of these climate impacts. While no single invention can solve everything, a combination of promising technologies might just give us a fighting chance. From capturing carbon to cultivating lab-grown meat, these advancements reveal how innovation can play a vital role in building a sustainable future—if we’re willing to address the challenges and work together.

1. The Promise and Challenge of Carbon Capture

One of the most innovative ways to tackle rising carbon dioxide levels is through carbon capture technology. Carbon capture, particularly Direct Air Capture (DAC), works by filtering air through specialized machines to remove CO₂, which can then be stored or used in various applications. It’s a straightforward yet powerful concept: if we can pull CO₂ from the atmosphere, we can directly reduce greenhouse gases. Some experimental facilities are already capturing CO₂ and finding ways to store it underground or repurpose it in fields like agriculture.

Despite its potential, carbon capture faces considerable challenges. The main drawback is the amount of energy needed to run these machines. Since many capture facilities still rely on traditional energy sources, they risk adding to emissions unless they’re powered by renewable energy. This has led scientists and engineers to focus on creating more energy-efficient capture systems that use solar, wind, or other clean energy sources. But the issue isn’t just energy efficiency; it’s also about the technology’s overall scale and accessibility.

Scaling up carbon capture to a level where it makes a global difference is no small task. It requires enormous investments and coordination across industries and governments. While smaller DAC facilities show promise, they currently only scratch the surface in terms of global CO₂ reduction. However, ongoing research and innovation in this field suggest that, over time, carbon capture could become a key part of climate action, especially as we learn to make it more cost-effective and sustainable.

2. Plastic-Eating Enzymes – A New Frontier

Plastic pollution has become one of the most persistent environmental issues, filling landfills and polluting oceans with waste that takes centuries to break down. Scientists have recently discovered enzymes that can speed up the degradation process, breaking down plastic at a molecular level in a fraction of the time it would naturally take. These “plastic-eating” enzymes have the potential to revolutionize how we handle plastic waste, offering a glimpse into a future where plastic no longer lingers in the environment indefinitely.

The environmental impact of plastic-eating enzymes could be profound. With the ability to degrade different types of plastics, these enzymes could help reduce the amount of waste polluting oceans and landfills. Additionally, using these enzymes could lessen the need for new plastic production by creating a more circular economy. By breaking down existing plastics and recycling them into new products, the enzyme technology could significantly reduce our dependence on new plastic materials and curb the pollution associated with their production.

Despite the excitement, there are hurdles to overcome. Producing these enzymes on a large scale is a costly process, and scientists are still investigating potential side effects on ecosystems. Additionally, ensuring that enzymes only target waste plastics—and not essential infrastructure—requires careful control. Nevertheless, with continued research and investment, plastic-eating enzymes hold promise as a sustainable solution for managing plastic pollution worldwide.

3. Distributed Renewable Energy: Cutting Air Pollution Locally

Distributed renewable energy, particularly solar and wind power, has been gaining traction as a practical way to generate electricity closer to where it’s used. Instead of relying solely on large, centralized power plants, distributed energy resources (DERs) allow for local energy production, reducing transmission losses and making power systems more resilient. With rooftop solar panels and local wind turbines, communities can produce their own energy, cut costs, and even sell excess power back to the grid, making clean energy accessible at the grassroots level.

The environmental benefits of distributed energy are clear. By reducing reliance on fossil fuels, DERs can significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, local energy generation supports energy independence, which can be especially valuable in remote areas or communities vulnerable to power outages. As DERs continue to expand, they provide a way for individuals and businesses to directly contribute to a cleaner, more sustainable future, supporting the global shift toward green energy on a local level.

However, scaling distributed energy systems poses its own set of challenges. For one, the production and disposal of solar panels and wind turbines can impact the environment, and the upfront costs of installation are still high for many households. Additionally, as more people and businesses turn to renewable energy, utilities must adapt to manage the influx of decentralized power sources. Despite these obstacles, advances in renewable technology and supportive policies are helping distributed energy become a mainstream solution in the fight against climate change.

4. Cultured Meat: Reducing Agricultural Pollution

The agricultural sector, especially livestock farming, is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, and water pollution. As an alternative, scientists are developing cultured meat—also known as lab-grown meat—which involves growing animal cells in a lab to produce muscle tissue without raising livestock. Cultured meat could help reduce the environmental impact of traditional meat production, cutting down on emissions, land use, and water consumption while providing a more sustainable way to meet the global demand for protein.

In addition to its environmental benefits, lab-grown meat addresses ethical concerns associated with conventional livestock farming. Cultured meat does not require animal slaughter, which appeals to those concerned with animal welfare. This technological breakthrough could also make food production more efficient, as cultured meat can be produced in controlled conditions that reduce the need for antibiotics and hormones. The result is a cleaner, potentially healthier alternative to traditional meat that could have far-reaching benefits for consumers and the planet alike.

Yet, cultured meat faces several barriers to widespread adoption. It remains expensive to produce and is not yet available on a commercial scale in most places. Public acceptance is another factor; consumers may need time to adjust to the idea of lab-grown meat as a regular part of their diets. Researchers are also working to ensure that cultured meat has the same taste and texture as conventional meat, which will be key to its success. Over time, with technological advancements and increasing consumer awareness, cultured meat could play a critical role in transforming the food industry.

5. Solar Geoengineering – The Controversial “Sunshade”

Solar geoengineering is an emerging field that seeks to counteract climate change by reflecting sunlight away from Earth. One of the most discussed methods involves releasing reflective particles or aerosols into the atmosphere to create a sort of “sunshade” for the planet. By reducing the amount of solar radiation that reaches Earth’s surface, this approach could potentially lower global temperatures, acting as a temporary measure to slow down the effects of climate change while other solutions take hold.

The appeal of solar geoengineering lies in its potential for large-scale impact. Unlike other climate solutions that address emissions gradually, solar geoengineering could theoretically provide immediate relief from warming temperatures. However, it is not without risks. Reflecting sunlight could alter precipitation patterns, potentially causing droughts or affecting agriculture. Additionally, once begun, the process would likely need to continue indefinitely to prevent a sudden rise in temperatures if it were stopped.

Ethical and governance issues also surround solar geoengineering. Deciding who controls and monitors such a powerful tool could become a point of contention among nations, and there are concerns about unintended consequences on biodiversity and ecosystems. For now, solar geoengineering remains a controversial topic, with scientists continuing to research its feasibility and potential impacts. While it may not be the ultimate answer, it represents one of the more ambitious attempts to tackle climate change head-on.

Clean Energy Is the Key

While innovative technologies offer hope, they cannot replace the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions directly. Achieving a sustainable future requires a combination of advanced technology and a commitment to reducing fossil fuel reliance. Clean energy solutions, such as solar and wind power, should be at the forefront of climate action, supported by efforts to improve energy efficiency and conservation across all sectors.

Embracing green energy is not only crucial for reducing emissions but also for creating economic incentives that drive further innovation. As more individuals, businesses, and governments adopt sustainable practices, the demand for clean energy will rise, pushing companies to innovate and find new ways to harness and distribute power sustainably. Over time, this shift could create a self-sustaining cycle that fosters both economic growth and environmental protection.

Ultimately, while we cannot rely on technology alone, these advancements show that we have the tools to make a difference. With global cooperation, investment, and a shared vision for a healthier planet, we can harness the power of innovation to mitigate climate change and pave the way for a sustainable, resilient future.

Sources:

1. World Health Organization: WHO. (2023, October 12). Climate change. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-and-health
2. Plastic-eating enzymes could help solve pollution problem. (n.d.). https://www.brunel.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/articles/plastic-eating-enzymes-could-help-solve-pollution-problem

Climate change is one of the most pressing issues of our time, yet the mainstream media continues to stumble in its coverage, leaving the public inadequately informed. At a time when every day brings news of intensifying natural disasters, rising temperatures, and shifting ecosystems, the role of media in shaping our understanding—and urgency—around climate action is vital. Yet, the reality is that many media outlets still aren’t giving this issue the spotlight it deserves.

While some publications have increased their climate coverage, they often fail to convey the scope of the crisis or the solutions that could help mitigate it. From downplaying the severity to avoiding uncomfortable truths about root causes, media coverage has often missed the mark.

Downplaying the Crisis—Language and Framing Tactics

The way the media talks about climate change can have a huge impact on how we feel about it—and whether we feel like it’s something we need to act on. Words matter. For example, calling it a “climate crisis” gives off a sense of emergency. But saying “climate change”? It sounds almost gentle, like it’s just a shift in weather, nothing we need to worry about. This kind of language can make it easy for people to think it’s not a real, immediate threat.

Then there’s the way stories are framed. We often see headlines like “unexpected weather” or “unusual events” without any link to long-term climate trends. Headlines like these don’t tell us that these events are part of a bigger, ongoing problem. Or take the term “natural disaster”—it sounds random, right? But many of these disasters, like wildfires or floods, are now happening more frequently because of human-driven climate factors. If the media doesn’t make that connection clear, it’s easy for people to think these are isolated incidents, rather than seeing them as part of the bigger picture of climate change.

And this kind of language doesn’t just shape how we think; it affects how we act. When the media uses softer, vague words to describe what’s happening, it makes the crisis feel distant, even unimportant. If the news made it clear that these are urgent problems tied directly to climate change, people might feel a lot more inclined to push for action. The media has a huge influence here—they can help people understand that this is a serious, immediate crisis. All it takes is clearer, more straightforward language that doesn’t downplay the stakes.

False Balance and the Myth of “Both Sides” in Climate Reporting

One big way that climate reporting often goes wrong is by trying to give “both sides” of the issue equal airtime, even when there really aren’t two valid sides. You’ve probably seen this before: a climate scientist, someone who’s dedicated years to studying the crisis, is paired with a climate skeptic, as if their opinions are equally credible. But here’s the thing—more than 99% of scientists agree that climate change is real and mainly caused by human activities. There’s no real debate among experts.

So why does the media keep presenting it like there is? Giving skeptics the same platform makes it look like the science isn’t settled, like there’s still doubt about what’s causing climate change. But the science is as clear as it can be. This “both sides” approach just confuses people, making them think that climate change is still an open question, which can lead to inaction.

And this confusion has real consequences. Studies show that when people see climate change framed as a “debate,” they’re less likely to trust climate science or feel that urgent action is needed. If the media treated climate science the same way they treat topics like gravity or smoking, we’d probably see a lot more support for climate solutions. Climate reporting doesn’t need to give equal weight to skeptics—it needs to show the reality of what scientists know so people can see the full picture.

Missing Narratives—Underrepresented Voices and Stories

Another big gap in climate reporting is whose stories we actually hear. When we talk about climate change, the voices that often get the spotlight are from big cities or wealthier countries. Meanwhile, the people who are already dealing with the worst effects—communities in the Global South, Indigenous groups, and others on the frontlines—don’t get nearly as much attention. These are the people facing things like rising sea levels, intense droughts, and food shortages right now, but their stories don’t always make it into mainstream media.

This lack of coverage matters. When we don’t hear from people who are directly affected, it’s easy to think of climate change as a future problem or as something happening somewhere far away. But for many communities, climate change is already reshaping their daily lives. Hearing these stories would help everyone understand the crisis as something real and immediate, not just as an abstract idea.

There’s also a big piece missing when it comes to climate activists, especially young activists and those from marginalized communities. These are the people leading movements and pushing for real change, but they’re often sidelined or reduced to quick soundbites. By focusing more on these voices, media could give a fuller picture of both the problem and the solutions being fought for right now.

The Role of Individual Action Narratives and Fossil Fuel Advertising

One thing you’ll notice in a lot of climate coverage is how much it talks about what we, as individuals, should be doing—like recycling, using less plastic, or driving less. Now, those things do help, but when the focus is only on personal actions, it misses a huge part of the picture. Climate change isn’t just about individual choices; it’s mainly driven by a handful of big industries and companies with massive carbon footprints.

This is where fossil fuel companies get pretty crafty. They put out ads that make them look like they’re helping to fight climate change, with messages about renewable energy or planting trees. But the truth is, those “green” projects are often a tiny part of what they actually do. Most of their money is still poured into oil, gas, and coal. These ads make them look like climate heroes, even though they’re some of the biggest contributors to the problem.

So when the media focuses too much on what individuals can do, it can almost feel like a distraction. It makes us think that if we just bring our own bags to the store, we’re doing our part, while the real drivers of climate change keep on doing business as usual. If we’re going to get serious about climate solutions, we need media coverage that puts more pressure on these big polluters, not just on everyday people trying to make a difference with small changes.

Shaping a New Climate Narrative

If we’re serious about tackling climate change, the media has to get serious about how it covers it, too. Right now, a lot of climate coverage is falling flat. We see a focus on small personal actions, or we get stories that make it sound like the science isn’t totally clear—when it actually is. This type of coverage doesn’t just leave people confused; it makes the whole issue feel less urgent than it really is.

The media has a huge role to play in getting people to understand that climate change isn’t some distant, abstract problem—it’s here, and it’s impacting us now. By putting more focus on the big drivers of climate change, lifting up voices from communities on the frontlines, and stopping the fossil fuel ads that just muddy the waters, the media could give us a way clearer view of what’s really going on. People deserve reporting that’s upfront about the stakes, that doesn’t sugarcoat the problem or treat it like it’s just one of many issues we face. When the media is clear, honest, and talks about real solutions, it gives people a sense of direction—and shows that taking action is not only possible but necessary right now.

And hey, we can help push things in the right direction, too. We can support the outlets that take climate coverage seriously, call out misleading stories when we see them, and keep asking for better, more honest reporting. The more we demand transparency, the harder it’ll be for the media to ignore the real story.

In the rhythm of daily life, the terms “AM” and “PM” glide by unnoticed, simple guardians of our schedules and routines. Yet, beneath their familiar veneer lies a fascinating labyrinth of history and misconception, waiting to be uncovered. Recently, a spark of curiosity ignited by a viral social media post has led many to question what they thought they knew about these age-old time markers. What do these terms really stand for, and how did they come to dominate our clocks?

Misconceptions and Revelations

The terms “AM” and “PM” are so ingrained in our daily lives that few of us stop to consider their true origins or meanings. Yet, misconceptions abound, with some of the most popular yet incorrect beliefs being that “AM” stands for “After Midnight” and “PM” means “Past Midday.” These interpretations, while intuitive, do not align with historical facts​.​

In reality, “AM” and “PM” derive from Latin terms used in ancient timekeeping. “AM” stands for “Ante Meridiem,” meaning “before midday,” and “PM” translates as “Post Meridiem,” or “after midday.” This system divides the 24-hour day into two 12-hour segments, crucial for distinguishing between morning and afternoon times in a clear and organized manner​.

Social media, especially platforms like TikTok, have played a significant role in spotlighting these misconceptions. For instance, a TikTok video questioning the meanings of AM and PM went viral, illustrating the widespread curiosity and varying degrees of misunderstanding about these commonplace terms​.

Despite their clarity, the use of AM and PM can sometimes lead to confusion, particularly around the transitions of noon and midnight. The terms themselves do not logically apply to these moments—midnight isn’t after midday, nor is noon before it. Thus, to avoid ambiguity, it’s recommended to refer to these times simply as “12 noon” and “12 midnight” instead of using 12 AM or 12 PM, which can lead to misinterpretations​.

Social Media Spotlight

The exploration of AM and PM found a new audience on TikTok, where a post by Amaya Clarke unexpectedly vaulted these timekeeping abbreviations into viral fame. The simple question, “What do AM and PM mean?” resonated with millions, sparking a flood of replies and shares as users expressed their astonishment and humor upon learning the actual meanings of these everyday terms​.

Amaya’s video, highlighted with a playful tone and genuine curiosity, captivated a diverse audience, illustrating the power of social media to educate while entertaining. The responses varied widely, with some users playfully admitting their previous misunderstandings, such as assuming AM stood for “After Midnight” or PM as “Past Midday,” underscoring the common misconceptions surrounding these terms​.

This instance on TikTok not only brought to light the widespread lack of awareness about the Latin origins of ante meridiem (AM) and post meridiem (PM) but also underscored the platform’s role in disseminating knowledge and sparking dialogue across a global audience. The interaction highlights a fascinating aspect of digital culture: social media’s ability to transform mundane topics into engaging discussions that reach across different cultures and time zones​.

Practical Guidance and Timekeeping Anomalies

Navigating the nuances of the 12-hour clock, particularly around the ambiguous times of 12 AM and 12 PM, requires clear communication and a good grasp of timekeeping principles. The confusions surrounding “midnight” and “noon” can lead to practical issues in scheduling and planning. Here are some strategies to minimize misunderstandings:

1. Use Clear Designations: Instead of referring to 12 AM or 12 PM, it’s advisable to use “midnight” and “noon.” This avoids the ambiguity since neither 12 AM nor 12 PM clearly belongs to the periods before or after midday.
2. Adopt the 24-Hour Clock: For clarity, especially in professional and international contexts, using the 24-hour clock (or military time) eliminates confusion. Midnight is represented as 00:00, and noon as 12:00, making it clear which part of the day is being referred to​.
3. Double-Check and Confirm Times: When scheduling appointments or meetings, especially with participants across different time zones, confirm the intended times explicitly. This helps ensure everyone is on the same page and reduces the risk of missed or misaligned commitments​.
4. Educational Efforts: Ongoing education on the proper use of AM and PM and the benefits of the 24-hour clock can help mitigate common confusions. Many digital tools and devices default to the 24-hour format, supporting this transition and helping users adapt to a more precise method of timekeeping.
5. Practical Tools and Digital Assistance: Utilizing digital calendars and scheduling tools that support the 24-hour format can help avoid ambiguity. These tools often offer the option to display times in both 12-hour and 24-hour formats, allowing users to choose the one that best suits their needs and reduces errors in time interpretation.

Beyond AM and PM: A Journey Through Timekeeping

The journey of timekeeping stretches back thousands of years, marking a profound evolution from ancient civilizations to modern technologies. Initially, humans relied on natural phenomena like the position of the sun to measure time. Sundials, which use the sun’s shadow to indicate time, were among the earliest devices, with evidence of their use in ancient Egypt as far back as 1500 BCE. These early methods provided a rudimentary means of dividing the day but were limited to daylight hours​.

As civilizations advanced, the need for more precise timekeeping led to significant innovations. Mechanical clocks, first appearing in Europe during the 14th century, marked a pivotal shift. These clocks, driven by weights and regulated by a verge-and-foliot escapement, were initially installed in towers of Italian cities. Despite their improvements over sundials, they were not very accurate due to the variable force and friction affecting their mechanisms​.

The introduction of the pendulum clock by Christiaan Huygens in 1656 revolutionized accuracy in mechanical clocks, achieving an error of less than one minute per day. This was a drastic improvement from earlier mechanical clocks, which could be off by several minutes a day. The refinement of clock mechanics continued with developments like the balance wheel and the spring assembly, allowing for the creation of portable watches​.

The 20th century saw another significant advancement with the introduction of quartz watches. Quartz crystals, due to their piezoelectric properties, vibrate at a consistent frequency when voltage is applied, providing a highly accurate and stable base for timekeeping. This development pushed forward the popularity of digital watches and devices, integrating precise timekeeping into everyday electronics like cellphones and computers​.

Today, atomic clocks represent the pinnacle of precision, utilizing the microwave signals emitted by electrons in atoms as they change energy levels. Atomic clocks are so precise that they will be off by less than a second over millions of years, making them indispensable in fields like GPS technology and international timekeeping standards​.

As we look to the future, the integration of new technologies such as optical clocks, which use light frequencies to measure time, promise even greater accuracy and may redefine how we understand and measure the second yet again​.

This rich history of timekeeping not only highlights human ingenuity but also underscores our persistent quest to measure and understand time with ever-greater accuracy.

Time’s Tapestry: Reflecting on Our Temporal Journey

As we trace the lineage of timekeeping from the rudimentary shadow clocks of ancient civilizations to the sophisticated atomic clocks of today, we gain not only a deeper understanding of our technological advancements but also of the human desire to capture and manage the intangible essence of time. The journey from sundials to atomic and optical clocks is not just about technological innovation; it’s about the ever-evolving relationship we have with time itself.

Our exploration of timekeeping reveals a narrative woven with threads of necessity, ingenuity, and aspiration. The progression from observing celestial bodies to harnessing the regular vibrations of quartz, and ultimately to counting the precise oscillations of atoms, shows a trajectory marked by increasing precision and reliability. This pursuit is driven by our need to bring order to our lives, to navigate the world and the cosmos, and to sync up with one another in an interconnected global village.

The future of timekeeping promises even more remarkable advancements. With potential developments in quantum timekeeping and further enhancements in optical clock technology, our grasp on time will continue to tighten, allowing for even more precise synchronization of global activities and navigation systems. These improvements will undoubtedly open new frontiers in science, exploration, and daily life.

A ‘megadrought’ may currently be the most significant hazard across California at the moment amid the ongoing risk of earthquakes and wildfires. However in a new study, UCLA scientists warn that another more serious catastrophe—dubbed a ‘megaflood’—is on the horizon for California.

According to an alarming study published on Friday (August 12) in the peer-reviewed journal Science Advances, climate change is dramatically increasing the likelihood of a megaflood across the state of California in the future, which would likely result in multiple cities under water and millions of displaced people.

Their research found that a severe storm lasting for an entire month could bring feet of rain to hundreds of miles of California—with some areas receiving more than 100 inches of rain.

The loop below, which displays the movement of water vapor and the probable buildup of precipitation at selected time slices during the course of the 30-day scenario, was developed by Xingying Huang, one of the authors of the study.

The inevitable disaster is being referred to as California’s “second Big One”—a reference to the catastrophic earthquake expected to strike the state any day now—but this new analysis found that the losses caused by a megaflood would outweigh those caused by the major earthquake “by a wide margin.”

According to the findings of the study, the likelihood of a future megaflood as well as their severity are both significantly increased with each degree of heat caused by global warming.

In fact, the scientists concluded that such catastrophic floods are now twice as likely to occur.

Dr. Daniel Swain, a climate scientist at UCLA and co-author of the study, said in a news release that in a future scenario where a megaflood occurs on a hotter planet Earth, “the storm sequence is bigger in almost every respect.”

“There’s more rain overall, more intense rainfall on an hourly basis and stronger wind,” Swain added.

According to Swain, statewide floods affecting all of California like this have occurred around once per century or two over the course of the last thousand years. He believes the present risk of such a catastrophic disaster has been grossly underestimated.

“Societally, from a public policy and climate adaptation infrastructure building perspective we are falling behind,” warned Dr. Swain.

“Our goal in doing this work is to get ahead of the curve as much as we can when it comes to the risk of megaflood,” he said.

“We know that eventually it will happen and that climate change is upping the odds.”

The Great Flood of 1862 in California happened before global warming was a thing, measuring up to 300 miles long and 60 miles across.

However, the same storm in 2022 would—according to the study—uproot 5–10 million people, cut off the state’s main roadways for months with significant economic repercussions, and submerge a significant number of major Central Valley cities, in addition to portions of Los Angeles.

The research is an expansion of the “ArkStorm scenario” that was published in 2010, which got its name from the atmospheric rivers that would fuel the severe storm, resulting in mass flooding of biblical proportions.

This new study is only the first stage of an initiative referred to as ArkStorm 2.0, which aims to revisit that scenario further.

According to the research conducted at UCLA, a catastrophic flood on the scale of the one that occurred in 1862 would result in a loss of at least one trillion dollars.

“Parts of cities such as Sacramento, Stockton, Fresno and Los Angeles would be under water even with today’s extensive collection of reservoirs, levees and bypasses. It is estimated that it would be a $1 trillion disaster, larger than any in world history,” the news release said.

Swain noted in the release that many Californians have forgotten about the severe flooding threat because of the attention that has been paid to the drought and the wildfires.

“There is potential for bad wildfires every year in California, but a lot of years go by when there’s no major flood news. People forget about it,” Swain explained.

The scientists used both new high-resolution weather models and existing climate models to compare two extreme situations: one that would occur approximately once every century in the recent historical climate, and another that would occur in the projected climate of 2081-2100.

Both scenarios were analyzed using state-of-the-art computer modeling software.

Each of these scenarios featured a serious of storms that were fed by atmospheric rivers over the period of one month.

Ribbons of water vapor make up atmospheric rivers, which can be found stretching across thousands of miles from the tropics to the western United States. They are responsible for providing the fuel for the enormous rain and snowstorms that can bring floods throughout the West Coast. Their width ranges from 250 to 375 miles.

According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), these kind of occurrences—despite being beneficial for water supplies—can wreak havoc on transportation, bring about lethal mudslides, and cause devastating damage to both life and property.

Numerous studies now suggest the effects of climate change will cause atmospheric rivers to become hotter, more powerful, and more frequent.

“Nobody could possibly argue we didn’t see this coming if and when it hits,” Swain said.

“There’s still potentially time to do something about it before things go haywire.”

Picture this: you’re relaxing at home, enjoying a peaceful evening, when an unexpected guest scurries across the floor—a spider, perhaps, or an unwelcome ant. Most people’s instinct is to reach for the nearest can of chemical spray, but what if there was a simpler, safer, and all-natural solution lurking in your pantry?

Enter peppermint oil—nature’s secret weapon against a variety of common household pests. While you may associate its fresh scent with holidays or tea, this unassuming essential oil packs a surprising punch when it comes to keeping creepy crawlies at bay. But how exactly does it work, and why are so many people turning to peppermint as a natural alternative?

As you read on, you’ll discover the science behind peppermint oil’s pest-repelling properties, practical tips for using it in your home, and essential precautions to ensure it’s safe for everyone—including your pets. Ready to unlock the power of peppermint?

Why Peppermint Oil?

Peppermint oil has earned its reputation as an effective natural remedy for repelling pests, and there’s solid science to back this claim. While it may be a favorite in aromatherapy or teas, this essential oil contains powerful compounds that drive pests away. The key components, menthol and menthone, disrupt the sensory pathways of pests, making peppermint oil an excellent natural deterrent.

In a 2001 study conducted at Auburn University, researchers tested the effects of mint oil on two common species of cockroaches—American and German roaches. The results were remarkable: peppermint oil repelled 100% of the cockroaches over the 14-day trial​. These findings demonstrated that peppermint oil not only repels roaches but can also kill them under prolonged exposure. Its toxicity to insects stems from these active compounds, which are present in high concentrations in peppermint oil.

Beyond cockroaches, peppermint oil works on a variety of other pests. Spiders, for example, are extremely sensitive to peppermint because they “taste” with their legs. The strong smell overwhelms their sensory receptors, forcing them to retreat​. Similarly, peppermint oil can repel fleas, lice, ants, mice, and even moths. Research has also shown that when applied to the skin, peppermint oil can prevent mosquito bites for up to 150 minutes​.

The advantage of peppermint oil lies in its ability to provide natural pest control without the risks associated with chemical pesticides. Unlike DEET, a common ingredient in store-bought repellents that has been linked to health issues in humans and animals, peppermint oil is non-toxic when used properly​. It’s a win-win: you keep pests out of your home, and your environment stays chemical-free.

Practical Applications and DIY Peppermint Insect Repellent Recipes

Peppermint oil serves as a highly versatile and effective natural solution for pest control, providing an eco-friendly alternative to chemical-based repellents. Whether you’re dealing with spiders, ants, cockroaches, or mosquitoes, peppermint oil can be incorporated into various practical applications around your home. By making your own DIY repellent, you can control both the ingredients and the concentration, ensuring a safe environment for your family and pets.

Peppermint Oil Spray

The most common way to use peppermint oil is by creating a spray. This versatile method allows you to target areas where pests are most active, such as around windows, doorways, or countertops. To make the spray:

• Mix 10-15 drops of peppermint essential oil with one cup of water.
• Add a teaspoon of dish soap to help the oil mix more evenly with the water.
• Shake the bottle thoroughly before each use, and spray directly on surfaces where bugs are likely to enter.

The peppermint spray works well against spiders, ants, and cockroaches. For outdoor use, it can also be sprayed around patios and garden furniture to repel mosquitoes. Regular reapplication is essential as the scent will fade over time, particularly after rain or cleaning​.

Peppermint-Soaked Cotton Balls

In areas where a spray might not reach effectively—like small spaces or hard-to-reach corners—using peppermint-soaked cotton balls can offer a more concentrated and long-lasting effect. Here’s how:

• Soak cotton balls in undiluted peppermint oil.
• Place them in areas such as cupboards, closets, and under sinks where pests commonly hide.

This method is especially useful for keeping ants, spiders, and cockroaches away. Refresh the cotton balls every few weeks to maintain potency​.

Enhancing Your Repellent with Other Essential Oils

To increase the effectiveness of your homemade spray or cotton ball repellent, you can combine peppermint oil with other essential oils known for their pest-repellent properties. For instance, tea tree oil is excellent for repelling ants and cockroaches, while lavender oil works well against flies and mosquitoes. Adding a few drops of these oils to your peppermint-based spray can create a more comprehensive solution​.

Safety Concerns and Pet Precautions

While peppermint oil is a fantastic natural solution for keeping pests at bay, it’s essential to exercise caution if you have pets, particularly cats and dogs. Peppermint oil can be toxic to pets, especially when used in high concentrations or ingested. For instance, dogs may experience symptoms such as vomiting, lethargy, or skin irritation if exposed to undiluted peppermint oil. Cats, even more sensitive, can suffer from severe reactions like tremors or respiratory issues.

To safely use peppermint oil around pets, always dilute it significantly—use 10-15 drops of peppermint oil per cup of water—and avoid spraying it directly in areas where your pets frequently play, sleep, or eat. Make sure your pets have a way to avoid or exit rooms where you’ve diffused peppermint oil, and never leave a running diffuser unattended in a closed room. Additionally, if you suspect your pet has been exposed to peppermint oil and is showing signs of distress, contact your vet immediately.

When considering flea or tick prevention, it’s better to consult a veterinarian about safe alternatives to peppermint oil, which can sometimes be too potent for pets​.

Comparison With Other Natural Remedies

When it comes to natural pest control, peppermint oil is often at the top of the list for its versatility and effectiveness against a range of pests, including spiders, ants, and mosquitoes. However, several other essential oils offer similar, and in some cases complementary, benefits. Understanding how peppermint compares to other natural remedies can help you make informed decisions about your pest control strategy.

• Tea Tree Oil: Tea tree oil, known for its strong antibacterial and antifungal properties, is also an effective insect repellent, particularly against ants, cockroaches, and dust mites. While peppermint oil is potent against spiders and mice, tea tree oil’s strength lies in its ability to target common indoor pests like ants and termites. However, tea tree oil can be more toxic to pets, especially cats and dogs, so extra caution is needed when using it around animals.

• Lavender Oil: Lavender oil is another natural insect repellent, often used to ward off flies, moths, and mosquitoes. Lavender has a calming scent, making it a good choice for indoor use where a more relaxing atmosphere is desired. While peppermint oil provides strong protection against more robust pests like cockroaches and spiders, lavender excels in repelling flying insects and can double as a room freshener.

• Eucalyptus Oil: Eucalyptus oil, particularly known for its effectiveness against mosquitoes, fleas, and dust mites, is a strong outdoor repellent. Its sharp aroma acts as a barrier that flying pests dislike, making it an excellent choice for outdoor seating areas. Eucalyptus is particularly good for creating a bug-free zone during summer months, but it can be less versatile indoors compared to peppermint oil, which works well in tight spaces like cabinets and baseboards.

• Citronella Oil Citronella oil is one of the most widely recognized natural remedies for repelling mosquitoes. Its citrusy scent masks human odors that attract mosquitoes, making it highly effective for outdoor use. Citronella is often used in candles or torches for backyard pest control, whereas peppermint oil is more effective in enclosed areas where direct application is needed.

Each of these oils has unique strengths, and combining them can provide a comprehensive natural pest control strategy. For instance, blending peppermint, eucalyptus, and citronella oils can target a wider range of pests both indoors and outdoors. This way, you can harness the specific strengths of each oil to create an eco-friendly, non-toxic solution for pest management.

The Natural Approach to Pest Control

Choosing peppermint oil and other natural remedies for pest control not only protects your home but also ensures the safety of your family, pets, and the environment. As we’ve seen, peppermint oil is highly effective against a range of pests, from ants and spiders to mosquitoes, offering a simple, eco-friendly alternative to chemical-based repellents. Moreover, combining it with other essential oils such as tea tree, lavender, or citronella can amplify its effectiveness, giving you a holistic approach to pest management. By using these methods, you’re not only safeguarding your living spaces but also embracing sustainable solutions.

Whether you opt for a DIY peppermint spray or rely on the potent power of essential oil blends, your home can remain a safe and pest-free haven, without the risks of harmful toxins.

(TMU) – Late spring is the time when bird enthusiasts, and hummingbird lovers in particular, prepare to welcome these amazing little feathered creatures by polishing their special, brightly colored hummingbird feeders.

They are considered one of the smallest, beautiful and remarkable birds found in nature. Native to the Americas, most of the species measure between 2.95-5.11 inches (7.5–13cm) in length – the bee hummingbird, weighing just 0.07 ounce (2.0g) and 1.98 inches (5cm) in length being the smallest existing bird species.

Hummingbirds flap their wings so fast they create the humming sound they are named for and are the only birds that can fly backwards. Although found in Canada and across North America, they migrate to warmer climates to avoid the cold winters, they are found all year in much of the Caribbean and South America and in some of the warmer southern and coastal regions in the US and Mexico.

 

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I know that a ton of you live in parts of the world where hummingbirds are only summertime visitors. Hummingbirds only exist in “The Americas” They are found from Southeastern Alaska down to Southern Chile. The hummingbirds rarely winter in a place where temps drop below freezing: preferring instead to make a long and hazardous trip down to warmer climates like Mexico. I know all of you miss your bird friends terribly. In honor of the hummingbird migration happening right now, I present you with this virtual feeder… Now you guys can come and get your hummingbird fix, as though you’re just looking at your friends at the feeder through the kitchen window. I’m taking good care of the birds who have been stopping through my yard on their way down south. They are all fat and happy and enjoying their stay in Northern California. ?❤️?

A post shared by Tracy Johnson (@hummingbirdsxoxo) on Oct 18, 2016 at 7:12pm PDT

The North and South America is home to around 330 species of hummingbirds and while these birds have no sense of smell, they do have excellent color vision.

The Ruby-throated Hummingbird for instance, prefer tubular orange or red flowers. To attract them, simply plant red and orange flowers in the garden and/or use feeders with include those colors.

Hummingbirds drink the nectar by moving their forked tongue, which is as long as its beak, in and out of the flower or feeder about 13 times per second and can consume up to double their body weight in a day. And with all the energy used by those fast beating and humming wings, they don’t have to worry about gaining weight either.

 

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Today we got an infrared sauna. The only space for it is in the garage, which is okay, except that there is a pile of wood right next to the sauna. And a lot of things live inside of the pile of wood. Including a black spider with red on his back who crawled out of the wood pile to examine my new sauna. I don’t mind spiders. But if you are a male (or female) black widow spider, I’m sorry to say, I will try to squish you. Because the potential for you to bring your wife and children into my new sauna is pretty high. Fortunately for the spider: between my flailing and my screaming and my aim: he escaped. But I’m guessing he is probably pretty pissed off at me. To be fair: I would be mad at me too! I spoke into the wood pile to apologize for trying to smash him with my shoe. He did Not reply. I don’t think he accepted my apology. (Because, technically I was apologizing for the fear he must have felt when I missed. Not for the actual attempt on his life.) I’M SORRY MR. BLACK WIDOW! I mostly love all beings. But I have enough health issues. I don’t need a black widow bite on top of everything else. I checked all around the area and couldn’t find him anywhere. I’m sure he’s a master of camouflage. So. The sauna is amazing and hopefully the black widow will not reappear. Or if he does, it will be with eight tiny suitcases (one in each hand) as he and his tiny spider family relocate to a wood pile outside of the garage. In the meantime, I’ll be in the sauna, sweating like crazy and listening to podcasts with one eye open. Awaiting a spiders (well deserved) revenge. ? ⏳ Speaking of camouflage: how amazing is this male Annas Hummingbird who somehow managed to match his gorget to the flowers in the backyard! ???? slo mo iPhone video, feeders from www.hum-fi.com

A post shared by Tracy Johnson (@hummingbirdsxoxo) on Sep 19, 2019 at 3:41pm PDT

Hummingbird enthusiasts sometimes get very creative to attract these birds to their gardens by providing the sweet nectar and intricate, colorful feeders. Quite a few get very creative with their feeder designs, especially when wanting to experience the birds up close and very personal.

A man from Lyons, Colorado for example, attached plastic feeders to his spectacles for a real up-close hummingbird experience.

His design was successful as the birds didn’t seem to mind being so close to a human and happily sipped the sugar water on offer while their rapidly flapping wings hummed around his face.

Spencer Staley, a ‘bird nut’, turned himself into hummingbird feeder a couple of years ago.

Staley converted a safety helmet by adding seven feeders, attached at the tips of thin metal rods. With his innovative human feeding station Staley was able to feed hundreds of birds in a short period of time.

A Costa Rican enthusiast also created a similar hat feeder, albeit on a smaller scale,  with three feeders attached to a hat with wire, providing him with a very close view of the birds sipping the nectar.

Flickr

When there’s nectar to be had, hummingbirds don’t seem to mind getting close to humans, even close enough to be fed by hand, but be prepared to be patient should you want to give this method a try.

(TMU) — Spectacular video footage has been captured showing dolphins literally glowing in neon blue as they swim off the coast of Southern California.

The brilliant scene was captured on Wednesday just as night fell on Newport Beach in Orange County.

The footage was taken by photographer Patrick Coyne of the website Orange County Outdoors, who recently garnered international headlines after taking photos of crashing blue bioluminescent waves in the same coastal waters last week.

Orange County Register reports that Coyne and his fried Ryan Lawler, the owner of Newport Coastal Adventure, were out at sea in an inflatable boat hoping to capture video of creatures illuminated by the bioluminescent water, a natural phenomenon that has allowed Coyne and his colleagues to garner worldwide attention and once-in-a-lifetime shots every photographer dreams of.

The two were just about to call it quits when they suddenly noticed two dolphins near them, who appeared out of the pitch black ocean to swim alongside their small boat. The contrast of the deep, dark ocean water against their illuminated, slender bodies was something they couldn’t believe—and it lasted for about 15 minutes.

Lawler explained:

“They were bow riding, they were super into the boat. About five minutes in, two more came and we had a little pod of four dolphins … It was amazing.”

 

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•Dolphins Swimming in Bioluminescence• Last night was truly one of the most magical nights of my life. Capt. Ryan @lawofthelandnsea of @newportcoastaladventure invited me along to capture rare video of Dolphins swimming in bioluminescence. The first time I saw this actually filmed was a few months back while watching a Night on Earth documentary on Netflix. The second I saw that footage it became a dream of mine to one day capture something similar and that’s exactly what we did. This was by far the most challenging video I’ve shot for a number of reason. For starters the bioluminescence has sweet spots to where it shows up and then fades away so while on the water it’s impossible to just find it. Not only that but actually finding any type of animal in pitch black is just so ridiculously hard. Conditions have to be absolutely perfect for the bioluminescence to show up and to have an animal swim through it so we can film it. On top of all that just trying to nail the focus at such a wide aperture with something moving in the water was a nightmare. We were out for a few hours and on our final stretch back we finally had 2 Dolphins pop up to start the incredible glowing show. A few minutes later and we were greeted by a few more which was insane. I’m honestly still processing this all and I can’t thank @newportcoastaladventure enough for having me out because without them none of this would be possible. Be sure to check our their edit from last night as well! I hope you all enjoy this video. ——————————————————————————— Shot on a Sony a7Sii with a Rokinon 35mm Cine DS T1.5 Len. Shutter speed: 1/50 Aperture T2 ISO 80,000

A post shared by Patrick Coyne (@patrickc_la) on Apr 23, 2020 at 8:40pm PDT

Coyne was simply blown away by the moment. He said:

“I was like, this can’t be happening.

“This is so magical. After the two dolphins were playing with us, a few more joined in.”

The rare spectacle of glowing blue water caused by algal blooms has been present off some beaches along the Pacific Coast in the past week, most notably in Newport Beach and Acapulco.

The natural phenomenon is known as bioluminescence, and is caused by an increase in the dinoflagellate population. The dinoflagellates—which are tiny, swimming plants—include Lingulodinium polyedra, which is responsible for the glowing waves. Dinoflagellates contain enzymes and proteins that create small light flashes.

 

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•Newport Beach Bioluminescence• Last nights bioluminescence in Newport Beach was incredible! So far it’s the brightest I’ve ever seen. My buddy @markgirardeau called me letting me know that there was a red tide which was originally discovered by @visual_burrito earlier that day. It doesn’t always happen but a red tide could indicate some bioluminescence which is why we went. Keeping our distance of course I ended up getting some pretty incredible video showing how blue and bright it really was. If you’ve never seen bioluminescence before it’s definitely something you have to see with your own eyes! Newport Beach is among some of the beaches in Orange County that are still open, just wanted to mention that. Hope you guys enjoy the videos! ——————————————————————————— Filmed on my Sony a7iii with a Rokinon 35mm Cine DS T1.5 Setting we’re: Shutter speed 1/50 T1.5 ISO 80,000

A post shared by Patrick Coyne (@patrickc_la) on Apr 16, 2020 at 7:37pm PDT

During the day, the algal bloom appears as a deep red, rusty tide due to the heavy concentration of small photosynthetic organisms floating up to the surface. When the sun goes down, however, movements such as crashing waves—or in this case, swimming dolphins—make the tiny organisms display light.

Describing the bioluminescence he witnessed last week, Coyne said:

“As soon as the set crashes, it’s a burst of blue light. It’s not always the perfect burst of blue light, you want it to be dark.

“Once it hits, it’s a burst of blue light and you get that color. And it really does look like what you see in pictures and videos.”

Coyne had been dreaming of capturing such night-time footage of dolphins ever since he saw the Netflix film, “Night on Earth,” which used moonlight-sensitive, high-tech low-light cameras and heat-tracking technology to capture nocturnal scenes of marine life.

“It’s not something you can just plan. It was showing up in little sections, we would drive the boat a bit, it would be bright and then it would go away.

“You can’t really find it, it’s pitch black. We could see it when it would start glowing, there’s no way for us to predict it.”

Coyne admits that the moment was so “magical” that he couldn’t help but shed a tear.

“Hands down the most incredible experience of my life.

“I’ve been really lucky, this truly tops everything.”

“We’re pretty proud of [the dolphin footage.]

“I don’t know how many people will ever see that in their life. I didn’t think I’d ever see this in my life, to be honest. It was truly one of the most magical nights of my life.”

By Elias Marat | Creative Commons | TheMindUnleashed.com

(TMU) — Plastic has become the most visible pollution issue facing the world. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch, now twice the size of Texas, is the subject of many environmental cleanup efforts while plastic waste from all over the world continues to pour into our oceans at an alarming rate. Governments around the world are now debating laws restricting plastic use, with many U.S. cities and states passing bans on single-use plastic bags and straws.

As the plastic problem rages on unabated, some companies are taking it upon themselves to come up with new solutions to tackle the issue. With the passage of the 2018 U.S. Farm Bill, which legalized industrial hemp, a fresh look is being given to the versatile commodity for use in everyday items, including eco-friendly plastic. The Mind Unleashed caught up with three U.S. companies who have quietly embraced the use of hemp plastic into their business models, and their products have already hit the market.

1. Higher Hemp

Higher Hemp is a CBD dispensary that sells hemp-derived CBD products online nationwide and also offers free same-day delivery in San Diego county. They use hemp plastic packaging for many of their products including CBD flower, CBD joints and blunts, and CBD vape cartridges. Higher Hemp also uses sustainable packaging for their CBD oil and other products.

What makes Higher Hemp different from other CBD companies?

Co-founder Andrae Aldrete: “We place a lot of focus on convenience, transparency, and sustainability. Higher Hemp provides 3rd-party lab testing alongside all of the products we sell. We started out using hemp plastic for all of the products we possibly could, and we’re always looking for methods of operating where we can replace traditionally wasteful products and practices with those that are more responsibly and sustainably sourced. We seek to make CBD accessible and affordable to the masses while continuously reducing our carbon footprint by using plant-based, minimal packaging. Even the shrink wrap we use in the final sealing and packaging of our products is made from biodegradable bioplastic. We’re ok with sacrificing some aesthetic properties to prove there’s a way of doing business that’s better for our customers and the planet.”

Why does Higher Hemp use hemp plastic instead of regular plastic?

“One of the things that was non-negotiable from the start was that we weren’t going to go the traditional route of using excessive petroleum-based plastic to package our products. Hemp is the new plastic. To us, it’s unacceptable how much packaging of all types goes into even very small products in the cannabis industry and elsewhere. It’s a compounding problem both for our environment and our health when you consider that most of this plastic ends up in our oceans, polluting the food chain at every level. Considering we are selling and promoting products focused on wellness, we should also be focusing on the wellness of the planet as the health of both are correlated. 

“Luckily, when we were starting out last year, we quickly found that there were already sustainable non-plastic solutions readily available. It’s a way of doing business that we believe is simply the right thing to do. The use of plant-based plastics will be the norm in the coming years and we’re happy to be one of the companies leading the way and hopefully we’ll influence others to do the same.”

You can check out their website at HigherHempCBD.com.

2. Sana Packaging

Sana Packaging launched the cannabis industry’s first 100% plant-based hemp plastic packaging solutions in July 2018, and in March 2019, Sana Packaging launched the cannabis industry’s first 100% reclaimed ocean plastic packaging solutions.

Why did you start Sana Packaging?

CEO and co-founder Ron Basak-Smith: “Our co-founder James Eichner and myself have lived in Colorado since 2011 and were really just disgruntled cannabis users looking at the amount of packaging waste coming from this industry. We thought we could make an impact in the cannabis space since it was such a new industry, whose norms were less developed, to create new packaging that would help move away from this disposable mindset, while creating practical products that would work for the industry.”

Do you think hemp plastic can compete with regular plastic on price/durability?

“It’s tough to compete on price because petroleum-based plastics are subsidized, but as advancements in technology continue, prices continue to drop for hemp plastic solutions. And as more companies embrace hemp and plant-based plastics, their accessibility will increase. On durability, we have to remember that we’re still at the early stages of development with hemp plastics. Just like early cars had to compete with horses, as the industry matures I believe hemp plastics will be able to compete against traditional plastic. Depending on how they’re made, yes, absolutely hemp plastics can be as strong as petroleum-based plastics. We just have to remember we’re still at the very beginning stage of development for viable plant-based plastics.”

Do you think more plastic products will be replaced by hemp in the future (such as plastic bags/straws)?

“Sana Packaging is currently focused on the cannabis industry because hemp plastic makes so much sense in this space. I think the idea here is that plant-based materials can definitely replace these products, it just depends on the consumers wanting to move forward with these options. We also have to consider our waste system because if we don’t have a way to process these plant-based products after they’ve been used, then we’re really doing an injustice to everyone and the environment.”

3. The Hemp Plastic Company

The Hemp Plastic Company produces biopolymer products made from renewable materials that are sustainable and, in some cases, compostable. Their unique process uses different hemp materials to create biopolymers that can be used in many facets of the plastics industry. They create the raw materials for manufacturers to create hemp-plastic products with.

Why did you create the Hemp Plastic Company?

Co-founder Kevin Tubbs: “It all started because a client came to me looking for hemp-based packaging for their hemp products. I have a background in developing eco-packaging and thought making packaging out of previously unusable hemp waste was a great idea. One client led to another, and suddenly people from all over the world became interested in what we were doing.”

Are you seeing demand rising?

“We’ve had a huge number of new customers looking for solutions in hemp plastic, and our customers are coming up with many new use-cases all the time. We supply the raw materials and customers are finding new uses to mold our hemp plastic into. We now have a library of fine hemp plastics including propylene, ethylene, ABS, and PLA.”

Where do you see the hemp plastic industry going?

“We’ve reduced plastic pollution down to a design decision. Designers need to buy into the idea of using hemp plastic and take another look at their designs to make sure they’re easy to degrade. Imagine Legos being made from hemp ABS! Consumers are also starting to think about packaging beyond single-use and what these containers can be re-used for after they’ve served their initial purpose. Some new products I’m excited about are hemp-based films we’re developing that could provide renewable options even for leather, and degrade 100% back into plant material.”

Creative Commons | TheMindUnleashed.com

(Disclosure: Higher Hemp is a sponsor of The Mind Unleashed.)

(BI) — The cows grazed under a hot sun near a wooden bridge spanning a river in the Amazon. The quiet was occasionally broken by a motorbike growling along a dirt road that cut through the sprawling cattle ranch.

But the idyllic pasture was on land that the Lagoa do Triunfo ranch has been forbidden to use for cattle since 2010, when it was embargoed by Brazil’s environment agency Ibama as a punishment for deforestation. Nearby there were more signs of fresh pasture: short grass, feeding troughs, and fresh salt used to feed cattle — all in apparent contravention of rules designed to protect vital rainforest.

This vast 145,000 hectare ranch is one of several owned by AgroSB Agropecuária SA — a company known in the region as Santa Barbara. Located in an environmentally protected area, Lagoa do Triunfo is more than 600km from the capital of the Amazon state of Pará, on the western fringes of Brazil’s “agricultural frontier” — where farming eats into the rainforest.

An investigation by the Bureau, the Guardian and Repórter Brasil has found that cattle produced by Santa Barbara are being sold to JBS, the world’s biggest meat-packing company. JBS is the single biggest supplier of beef, chicken and leather globally, and exports fresh beef to Europe and about half of the corned beef eaten in the UK. In 2017, JBS said it had stopped buying Santa Barbara cattle, after it was fined $7.7 million for buying cows raised on illegally deforested land — but our investigation shows that is no longer the case.

The investigation found that last year the Lagoa do Triunfo ranch delivered hundreds of heads of cattle to some of Santa Barbara’s other farms for the final stage of fattening. Cattle was then sent from those farms to slaughter in JBS plants. Using GPS and publicly available maps and locations, reporters located cattle and pasture inside embargoed areas at Lagoa do Triunfo.

The revelations come as work by Trase, an NGO, shared exclusively with our team, has revealed how huge swathes of felled rainforest can be traced back to this cattle trade — and how beef raised on deforested land ends up in international supply chains.

Deforestation around Lagoa do Triunfo. The dot left of centre marks the location of the ranch

Embargoes — restrictions that ban farmers guilty of deforestation or environmental damage from using parts of their own land — are imposed by the Brazilian government and serve both as a punishment and a protective measure to allow land to recover. They can be more effective than fines because they come at a higher cost for farmers.

But our investigative team visited land clearly demarcated as embargoed on government websites, and found grazing cows there. A worker at the ranch said that cattle were left to roam in areas employees knew were embargoed. “You can’t cut down the vegetation,” the employee said. “The vegetation grows and we work the cattle inside.”

Santa Barbara is an enormous, powerful ranching empire, owned by the billionaire Daniel Dantas, that controls half a million hectares across Pará. In 2008 Dantas was twice arrested on bribery charges and handed a ten-year sentence as a result of a corruption investigation that also saw his land confiscated. The investigation’s findings were subsequently overturned, the sentence dropped and Dantas got all his land back.

Over the past decade, according to Repórter Brasil, Santa Barbara has been accused of illegal deforestation and faced allegations of using slave-like labour — accusations it strongly denies. Lagoa do Triunfo is one of its largest ranches. There are 12 separate embargoed areas on it, dating from 2010 to 2013.

The wild west on the edge of the Amazon

With a population of 125,000 people and over two million cattle, the nearby town of Sao Félix do Xingu, in Pará state, covers an area bigger than Scotland. Cattle ranching fed its growth from remote Amazon outpost to busy town. And there is money here: farmers’ wives are happy to pay $600 for a handbag, said Kelli Moraes, a 25-year-old sales assistant. “They are very fashion.”

Sao Félix do Xingu was mostly forest when Arlindo Rosa, now president of the town’s union of rural producers, arrived in 1993. “There was practically none of this farming … there was no highway, there was nothing,” he said.

“People came from outside with the spirit to raise cattle,” said his vice-president, Francisco Torres, who arrived in 1987. Santa Barbara, the region’s biggest ranching company, began buying land near Sao Félix do Xingu in 2006, Torres said.

Torres said many ranches in the area have suffered Ibama embargoes. “If they removed those embargoes, a lot would improve,” said Rosa. As is common with farmers and landowners in Amazon areas, both men were critical of what they saw as overzealous environmental controls. Rosa owes $1.4 million to Ibama in fines for deforestation, according to the agency’s website.

But embargoes have not stopped Santa Barbara illegally grazing cattle on deforested land, nor JBS being able to perfectly legally do business with the company, our investigation found.

JBS Beef Brazil’s “responsible procurement policy” says it “does not purchase animals from farms involved in deforestation of native forests … or that are embargoed” by Ibama. But the company has also said that the common practice of transferring cattle from one farm to another for fattening can make it impossible to trace individual cows.

Official state documents seen by the Bureau, the Guardian and Repórter Brasil showed that from January to October 2018, Santa Barbara delivered at least 296 cattle from the Lagoa do Triunfo ranch to its Espiríto Santo ranch in Xinguara, in the same state. Between July 2018 and January this year, Santa Barbara sent 2,900 cattle from the Espiríto Santo ranch to JBS slaughterhouses.

Throughout 2018, Santa Barbara also sent at least 729 cattle from the Lagoa do Triunfo ranch to be fattened at its Porto Rico ranch in Xinguara. In April 2018, 36 cattle from the Porto Rico ranch were sent to slaughter at a JBS plant.

JBS said that 99.9% of its cattle purchases meet its socio-environmental criteria and that it was working to implement “a new procedure to cover all links in the supply chain” and stop the use of “cattle from illegally deforested areas”.

Santa Barbara said it did not carry out deforestation to increase its area “but rather recovers degraded areas” and turns them into pastures. It said that trees on the Lagoa do Triunfo ranch had been felled before the Forest Code was introduced and that only 7% of the land is under embargo.

New research tracking beef cattle back to the ranches they were raised on has revealed the full extent of deforestation in the Amazon that is linked to a handful of global food corporations.

Trase, a supply chain research project developed by the Stockholm Environment Institute and Global Canopy, tracked livestock from deforested areas to abattoirs producing beef for international markets, as well as meat for domestic use. Up to 5,800 square kilometres of forest is being felled in the Amazon and other areas every year for cattle ranching.

The destruction of between 280-320 sq km of forest each year is linked to JBS’s supply chain for exported beef, according to the data assembled by Trase. There is no suggestion any Lagoa do Triunfo beef is exported.

JBS, which slaughters almost 35,000 cattle in Brazil per day, has faced a string of allegations relating to deforestation. In 2017, Brazil’s environmental protection agency, Ibama, raided and ordered the suspension of two JBS meat-packing plants in Pará accused of having purchased cattle raised on illegally deforested land between 2013 and 2016.

JBS denied the allegations but was fined R$24.7 million ($8 million). In the same year, a Guardian investigation with Repórter Brasil revealed how the company had purchased cattle linked to poor labour conditions and deforestation, resulting in UK supermarket Waitrose removing the company’s products from its shelves.

The findings come amid growing international concern over the looming impacts of climate change, with the Amazon forest seen by experts as a crucial buffer in stabilising regional and global climate.

Between 1980 and 2005, Amazon deforestation levels reached 20,000 sq km per year — with an area the size of Wales being lost. Although there have been political murmurings about trying to halt the destruction, the latest data shows that deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon has risen by 73% since 2012.

Erasmus zu Ermgassen, lead researcher at Trase, said: “Though some slaughterhouses monitor their direct suppliers and so in theory can avoid farms associated with deforestation, none monitor their indirect suppliers, who make up the bulk of their supply chain.”

Trase added: “There is a huge opportunity to reduce the deforestation associated with the production and exports of beef in Brazil. There is enormous potential to use land more efficiently and sustainably in the Brazilian beef sector, and to improve rural livelihoods by investing in cattle ranching on existing pasturelands.”

Trase will release the data in full later this month.

By Andrew Wasley, Alexandra Heal, Dom Phillips, Daniel Camargos, Mie Lainio, André Campos, Diego Junqueira | TheBureauInvestigates.com

The views in this article may not reflect editorial policy of The Mind Unleashed.

In a shocking resignation letter dated March 28, 1999, a 3M environmental specialist accused the company of being more concerned with profits and image than environmental safety.

According to Richard Purdy who penned the scathing letter, PFOS “is the most insidious pollutant since PCB” and is the cause for a potential health crisis across the entire country, but most notably in the state of Michigan. PFOS is used in 3M’s ScotchGard stain-protection product line and isn’t the only PFAS chemical the company uses.

“It is probably more damaging than PCB because it does not degrade, whereas PCB does; it is more toxic to wildlife,” the letter reads.

“I have worked within the system to learn more about this chemical and to make the company aware of the dangers associated with its continued use,” Purdy wrote. “But I have continually met roadblocks, delays, and indecision. For weeks on end, I have received assurances that my samples would be analyzed soon — never to see results. There are always excuses and little is accomplished.”

A new report by the Environmental Working Group (EWG) and Northeastern University has found that people in 43 states in the United States are exposed to drinking water contaminated with PFAS chemicals, of which PFOS is one.

Michigan has been hit hardest, with at least 46 sites where groundwater has PFAS levels above the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) lifetime health advisory guideline. According to Detroit Free Press, “The Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes and Energy has estimated PFAS could be found at more than 11,300 sites in Michigan” including 17 bodies of water with “‘do not eat’ fish advisories, or limitations on consumption of fish, because of PFOS contamination.”

The revealing resignation letter was recently obtained by the Detroit Free Press along with numerous internal 3M documents. The documents were obtained by then-Minnesota Attorney General Lori Swanson during a 2010 lawsuit alleging environmental contamination by 3M in the state of Minnesota. The lawsuit was settled for $850 million in 2018.

While PFAS chemicals have proved useful in numerous applications including cleaning products, waterproof clothing, nonstick cookware, textiles, grease-resistant food packaging, leather, paper goods, paint and more, the very same properties that make it so successful in these applications is what makes it so harmful to environment. PFAS compounds are nearly indestructible, with some referring to them as “the forever chemicals.”

But the same qualities that made PFAS compounds so useful also makes them almost indestructible in the environment, giving them the ominous nickname “the forever chemicals.”

Documents show that 3M was, in fact, aware of PFAS toxicity in lab rats all the way back in 1950. In the mid-1970s, health concerns arose after studies of fish, rats, and monkeys. The problems were so prevalent, that the company became aware of rising levels of PFAS compounds in their employees’ blood along with a link to testicular cancer. PFAS compounds were “found to be completely resistant to biodegradation” way back in 1978.

PFAS, which have been linked to a host of medical conditions such as cancer, thyroid problems, hormone imbalances, pre-eclampsia, learning disabilities and more, are found in the blood of almost 99% of Americans.

Documents obtained during the 2010 lawsuit revealed, not only this shocking resignation letter, but documents outlining 3M’s research into PFAS compounds. It turns out, 3M has been well aware for years that the compounds do not break down in the environment as expected, that they were found in both the blood of employees and the public, and laboratory rats and other animals were experiencing negative health effects.

Despite the revelations, 3M continued to sell PFAS compounds used in a range of products including things that touch both human skin as well as food. The company also neglected to inform the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

However, in the 1990s, the EPA became increasingly aware of researching showing the presence of PFAS compounds in the environment and reached an agreement with 3M in 2000 to phase out the use of PFOS by 2003. While 3M stopped using PFOA in 2000, other companies—including DuPont, the company responsible for Teflon—continued their use until an agreement with the EPA to phase them out by 2015.

According to Purdy’s 1999 letter, the environmental specialist argued years before any action was taken that 3M had already “waited too long to tell customers about the widespread dispersal of PFOS in people and the environment.”

“3M continues to make and sell these chemicals, though the company knows of an ecological risk assessment I did that indicates there is a better than 100% probability that perfluorooctansulfonate (PFOS) is biomagnifying in the food chain and harming sea mammals. This chemical is more stable than many rocks.” 

“3M told those of us working on the fluorochemical project not to write down our thoughts or have email discussions on issues because of how our speculations could be viewed in a legal discovery process. This has stymied intellectual development on the issue, and stifled discussion on the serious ethical implications of decisions.”

Now, almost 10 years after the 2010 lawsuit in Minnesota, a new one in Michigan is using the very same internal documents.

Both current and former residents of the small midwest town of Parchment, Michigan are suing 3M and Georgia-Pacific over a toxic mess left in a landfill. PFAS compounds have leached from the landfill into the town’s water supply thanks to a paper mill responsible for manufacturing food safe paper coated with 3M’s product. As a result, thousands of current and former residents of the town were unknowingly exposed to high levels of the compound via municipal drinking water.

Nicholas Coulson, the Detroit environmental class-action attorney who is bringing the lawsuit against 3M said of the allegations against the company, “What we’re alleging that 3M did is really a crime against humanity.”

“It’s an absolute outrage that, in the name of profit, for decades they suppressed this information, and they continued to pump these chemicals out in incredible quantities into the natural environment. And the terrible result of that is that some communities, like Parchment, have had to bear the brunt of it.”

“3M had really, really sufficient notice to know that, one, these things don’t go away, they build up and build up and build up, both in the environment and the body, and two, that they cause really harmful effects,” Coulson added.

In his 1999 resignation letter, Richard Purdy concluded:

“I have worked to the best of my ability within the system to see that the right actions are taken on behalf of the environment. At almost every step, I have been assured that action will be taken—yet I see slow or no results. I am told the company is concerned, but their actions speak to different concerns than mine. I can no longer participate in the process that 3M has established for the management of PFOS and precursors. For me it is unethical to be concerned with markets, legal defensibility and image over environmental safety.”

Purdy wasn’t the only one to sound the alarm. The documents reveal that, dating back to the 1970s, numerous employees—including an employee named M.T. Case who author memos revealing toxicity, another who went by Dr. King, and Eric Reiner who worked in the company’s Environmental Engineering and Pollution Control division—urged the company to act on the research.

In a response to the Detroit Free Press, 3M seemingly bragged of their dedication to “research, technology, and clean-up” while calling the story gleaned from the internal documents “incomplete and misleading“:

“3M has dedicated substantial time and resources to researching PFAS and, to that end, we have invested more than $600 million on research, technology, and clean-up efforts related to PFAS. As a responsible steward of our community, we have a record of sharing information we learn with government regulators, the scientific community, as well as local and federal officials.

The small set of documents from the Minnesota litigation portrays an incomplete and misleading story that distorts the full record regarding 3M’s actions with respect to PFOA and PFOS, as well as who we are as a company. 3M acted responsibly in connection with products containing PFAS and we will vigorously defend our environmental stewardship.”

With 19 million people in 43 U.S. states currently exposed to drinking water contaminated with PFAS chemicals, the task of cleaning up these “forever chemicals” that are reportedly more stable than some rocks, is daunting. Companies like 3M that repeatedly prioritize profits and production of their products over people must be held accountable for the havoc wreaked on the environment, their customers, and their employees. While 3M did lose its $300 million/year revenue-maker ScotchGard after the 2000 agreement with the EPA, the loss only represented a mere 2% of 3M’s total sales. And while 3M bragged in their response to the Detroit Free Press of the $600 million spent on “research, technology, and clean-up efforts related to PFAS,” those amounts pale in comparison to the company’s profits, including the $7.9 billion earned in sales in the forth quarter of 2018 alone.

Time and time again, massive corporations that have caused harm—either knowingly or not—are tasked with clean-up costs or fines that barely make a dent in their bottomline. Without significant consequences for their actions, corporations like 3M will likely continue to prioritize profits over the health of the environment and even their customers. Perhaps the newest lawsuit against 3M will finally hold the company accountable to a degree that will impact the future.